The U.S. Thanksgiving is celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November. It commemorates the Pilgrim's Thanksgiving to the Almighty for the land and for a plentiful harvest. They celebrated it with the Indians and thus it is a celebration of brotherhood, where different kinds of people are breaking bread together. It is a national holiday and coincides with the opening of the winter holiday season. President Franklin Roosevelt discerned Christmas' economic potential as a counter-cyclical celebration and attempted to move Thanksgiving from the last Thursday to the third Thursday in November in order to get Christmas shopping humming sooner.

Harvest celebrations were held in the Old World long before the days of our pilgrim forefathers. "Erntefests" are thanksgiving celebrations for the harvest of locally grown produce, ranging from grapes to grain. They are great community affairs and many have their origin in pagan rituals. They are traditionally celebrated in early October, on the Sunday after the full moon that occurs nearest to the autumnal equinox. In America that moon is known as "Harvest Moon."

Through the centuries, villages all over Germany have marked the end of this period of backbreaking work with mirthful festivals that include dances, parades, games, banquets and pageants. They vary from region to region--also by name--depending on the time and type of harvest. In the wine growing areas the "Winzer Fest" is celebrated with cider, new and old wine, food, and dancing, when the last grapes have been picked. In the Alpine regions grain is brought into barns on big wagons, pulled by decorated oxen. On top of the wagons may be ves of grain, bound in the form of a figure, animal or human. The last ves are left on the fields so that the next harvest may be plentiful and for animals to glean. In some places these traditions still survive even though modern machinery has hastened the process of bringing in the crops. A harvest is reason to celebrate in (rainproof) festival tents, with music and dancing, food and drink and merrymaking.

In Germany the "Erntedanktag" (literally "Harvest-Thanksgiving-Day") is an official holiday. Harvest Festivals (Erntefests) are celebrated in churches and market places, in homes and dance halls (conduct a search for examples). While the German-speaking countries also observe the principle of separation of church and state "politically", public displays of religious holiday traditions are a part of the local culture, and are as accepted as they are expected and enjoyed by the whole community.

Dr. Ruth Reichmann

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

1. What is Erntedankfest? When is the end of harvest?
   
2. Erntedankfest is primarily a religious festival in Germany. T or F?
   
3. Why is the US Thanksgiving on a different date? Who tried to move it?
   
4. What are Erntefests? Is Thanksgiving an official holiday in Germany?
   
5. Why are public displays of religious items allowed in Germany?

Go to the U.S. Thanksgiving

1. In the US, Thanksgiving commemorates what events?
   
2. Thanksgiving is also the beginning of the ___________ season in the US
   
3. When was Thanksgiving moved to November and why?
   
4. What happens on the first Sunday after November 26.
   
5. Why was the US Thanksgiving meal strange to German immigrants?

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